Cov hluav taws xob graphite muaj peev xwm siv tau zoo hauv ob qho tib si hydrogen roj cell thiab nuclear zog, nrog rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab, tiv taus cua sov, ruaj khov tshuaj lom neeg, thiab muaj peev xwm hloov kho neutron. Cov xwm txheej thiab cov nqi siv tshwj xeeb tau teev tseg hauv qab no:
I. Kev Lag Luam Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Kev Txhawb Nqa Rau Bipolar Plates Thiab Electrode Materials
Kev Xaiv Tseem Ceeb rau Bipolar Phaj
Cov phaj graphite bipolar ua haujlwm ua "lub hauv paus" ntawm cov roj hydrogen cell stacks, ua plaub lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb: kev txhawb nqa cov qauv, kev sib cais roj, kev sau tam sim no, thiab kev tswj hwm thermal. Lawv cov qauv tsim cov channel ntws tau zoo cais hydrogen thiab oxygen, ua kom muaj kev faib tawm ntawm cov pa roj reactant thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv cov thermal conductivity siab tswj hwm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm lub cev. Xyoo 2024, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tsim khoom thiab kev muag khoom ntawm lub tsheb hydrogen roj cell tau nce ntau dua 40% txhua xyoo, ncaj qha tsav kev nthuav dav hauv kev lag luam phaj bipolar. Cov phaj graphite bipolar suav txog 58.7% ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam phaj bipolar, feem ntau vim lawv qhov zoo dua tus nqi (30% -50% qis dua hlau phaj bipolar) thiab cov thev naus laus zis kub-nias molding.
Lub Luag Haujlwm Txhim Kho Kev Ua Haujlwm hauv Cov Khoom Siv Electrode
- Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Tsis Zoo: Qhov ua tau hluav taws xob siab thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm graphite ua rau nws yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov hluav taws xob hydrogen roj cell tsis zoo, ua rau kev lees txais hluav taws xob zoo thiab kev nqus cov ion zoo thaum txo qhov tsis kam sab hauv.
- Cov Khoom Siv Ua Kom Muaj Kev Sib Txuas Lus Zoo: Hauv cov electrodes zoo sodium/potassium ion exchange resin, graphite ua haujlwm ua cov khoom siv ua kom muaj kev sib txuas lus zoo los txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab ua kom zoo dua cov kev thauj mus los ntawm ion.
- Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Txheej Tiv Thaiv: Cov txheej graphite tiv thaiv kev sib cuag ncaj qha ntawm cov electrolytes thiab cov khoom siv electrode tsis zoo, tiv thaiv kev xeb ntawm oxidation thiab ua kom lub roj teeb siv tau ntev dua. Piv txwv li, ib lub tuam txhab tau ua kom lub neej voj voog ntawm cov electrodes tsis zoo ob npaug los ntawm kev siv cov txheej tiv thaiv graphite sib xyaw.
Kev Siv Tshuab thiab Lub Peev Xwm Ua Lag Luam
Qhov loj ntawm kev ua lag luam rau cov phaj graphite nyias heev (tuab ≤ 0.1 hli) siv rau hauv cov phaj bipolar hydrogen roj cell tau txog RMB 820 lab hauv xyoo 2024, nrog rau kev loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm 45%. Raws li Tuam Tshoj lub hom phiaj "dual carbon" tsav kev txhim kho ntawm cov saw hlau kev lag luam hydrogen zog, kev ua lag luam roj cell kwv yees tias yuav tshaj RMB 100 billion los ntawm 2030, ncaj qha txhawb kev thov rau cov phaj bipolar graphite. Lub caij no, kev siv cov khoom siv hydrogen electrolysis dej loj ntxiv nthuav dav cov ntawv thov graphite electrodes hauv cov kab ke khaws cia lub zog rov ua dua tshiab.
II. Kev Lag Luam Hluav Taws Xob Nuclear: Kev Tiv Thaiv Tseem Ceeb rau Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo ntawm Reactor
Cov Khoom Siv Tseem Ceeb rau Kev Tswj thiab Kev Tswj Neutron
Cov graphite electrodes tau tsim thawj zaug ua cov neutron moderators rau axial-graphite reactors, tswj cov nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear los ntawm kev qeeb qeeb neutron velocities kom ntseeg tau tias lub reactor ua haujlwm ruaj khov. Nws qhov melting point siab (3,652 ° C), tiv taus corrosion, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm hluav taws xob (tswj cov qauv kev ua haujlwm hauv qab kev raug hluav taws xob ntev) ua rau nws yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov pas nrig tswj nuclear reactor thiab cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, Tuam Tshoj lub tshuab hluav taws xob txias-kub siab (HTGR) siv nuclear-grade graphite ua cov khoom siv rau cov roj, nrog kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm cov ntsiab lus impurity (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog boron) ntawm ppm theem kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm neutron absorption.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Ruaj Khov Hauv Qhov Kub Siab
Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear, graphite yuav tsum tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias heev (txog li 2,000°C) thiab qhov chaw muaj hluav taws xob ntau. Nws cov thermal conductivity siab (100–200 W/m·K) ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv cua sov sai hauv lub reactor, txo cov chaw kub thiab txhim kho kev tswj hwm thermal zoo. Piv txwv li, HTGRs tiam plaub siv graphite ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, ua tiav kev siv roj nuclear zoo los ntawm graphite cov teebmeem neutron qeeb.
Cov Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kev Siv Tshuab thiab Kev Tshwm Sim Hauv Tebchaws
- Kev O ntawm Neutron los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob: Kev raug hluav taws xob ntev ntev los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob neutron ua rau qhov ntim ntawm graphite nthuav dav (kev o ntawm neutron), uas ua rau lub reactor tsis ruaj khov. Tuam Tshoj tau txo qhov no los ntawm kev ua kom zoo dua cov qauv ntawm cov noob graphite (piv txwv li, kev siv isotropic graphite) los tswj cov nqi o hauv qab 0.5%.
- Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob: Graphite tsim cov isotopes hluav taws xob (piv txwv li, carbon-14) tom qab siv reactor, xav tau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, HTGR's coated particle fuel technology) los txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
- Kev Txhim Kho Kev Tsim Khoom Hauv Tebchaws: Xyoo 2025, Tuam Tshoj cov graphite qib nuclear rau HTGRs tau dhau daim ntawv pov thawj hauv tebchaws, nrog rau qhov kev thov kwv yees tias yuav tshaj 20,000 metric tons, rhuav tshem cov kev tswj hwm txawv teb chaws. Ib lub tuam txhab tau txo cov nqi graphite qib nuclear los ntawm 30% los ntawm kev tsim kom muaj peev xwm tsim cov koob coke hauv tebchaws, txhim kho kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb.
III. Kev Sib Koom Tes Hauv Txhua Lub Chaw thiab Cov Qauv Yav Tom Ntej
Kev Tsim Kho Khoom Siv Tshiab Tsav Kev Txhim Kho Kev Ua Haujlwm
- Kev Tsim Khoom Siv Sib Xyaws: Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm graphite nrog cov resins lossis cov carbon fibers ua rau lub zog kho tshuab thiab kev tiv taus xeb zoo dua. Piv txwv li, cov phaj bipolar graphite-resin txuas lub neej ua haujlwm mus txog ntau tshaj tsib xyoos hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob chlor-alkali hauv kev lag luam.
- Cov Txuj Ci Hloov Kho Qhov Nto: Cov txheej txheej nitride ua kom cov hluav taws xob graphite zoo dua, daws nws cov hluav taws xob qis dua piv rau cov hlau thiab ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov roj teeb hluav taws xob siab.
Kev Sib Koom Tes Hauv Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Tsim Kho Thoob Ntiaj Teb
Cov tuam txhab lag luam Suav teb tau ruaj khov cov khoom siv raw los ntawm kev nqis peev hauv graphite mine txawv teb chaws (piv txwv li, Mozambique) thiab kev siv cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv Malaysia, thaum khaws cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb hauv tsev. Kev koom tes hauv kev teeb tsa tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb (piv txwv li, ISO graphite electrode kuaj cov qauv) txhawb nqa kev coj noj coj ua thev naus laus zis thiab daws cov cai ib puag ncig xws li EU cov se carbon ciam teb.
Txoj Cai thiab Kev Loj Hlob Uas Tsav Los Ntawm Kev Ua Lag Luam
Tuam Tshoj lub hom phiaj yog kom nce qhov feem ntawm kev tsim cov hlau ua los ntawm lub cub hluav taws xob arc mus rau 15% -20% los ntawm xyoo 2025, uas ua rau muaj kev thov graphite electrode ntau ntxiv. Lub caij no, cov lag luam tshiab xws li lub zog hydrogen thiab kev khaws cia lub zog muab kev lag luam trillion-yuan rau cov electrodes graphite. Cov phiaj xwm rov ua kom muaj zog nuclear thoob ntiaj teb (piv txwv li, Nyiv lub hom phiaj ntawm 20% tsheb hydrogen los ntawm xyoo 2030 thiab kev nqis peev nuclear ntau ntxiv hauv Tebchaws Europe) yuav nthuav dav cov ntawv thov graphite electrodes hauv cov voj voog roj nuclear thiab kev tsim hydrogen.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Yim Hli-05-2025